Developing packages & plugins

Contents

Package introduction
- Package types
Developing Dart packages
- Step 1: Create the package
- Step 2: Implement the package
Developing plugin packages
Developing FFI plugin packages
Adding documentation
- API documentation
- Adding licenses to the LICENSE file
Publishing your package
Handling package interdependencies
- Android
- iOS
- Web

Package introduction

Packages enable the creation of modular code that can be shared easily. A minimal package consists of the following:

pubspec.yaml: A metadata file that declares the package name, version, author, and so on.
lib: The lib directory contains the public code in the package, minimally a single <package-name>.dart file.

Package types

Packages can contain more than one kind of content:

Dart packages

General packages written in Dart, for example the path package. Some of these might contain Flutter specific functionality and thus have a dependency on the Flutter framework, restricting their use to Flutter only, for example the fluro package.

Plugin packages

A specialized Dart package that contains an API written in Dart code combined with one or more platform-specific implementations.

Plugin packages can be written for Android (using Kotlin or Java), iOS (using Swift or Objective-C), web, macOS, Windows, or Linux, or any combination thereof.

A concrete example is the url_launcher plugin package. To see how to use the url_launcher package, and how it was extended to implement support for web, see the Medium article by Harry Terkelsen, How to Write a Flutter Web Plugin, Part 1.

FFI Plugin packages

A specialized Dart package that contains an API written in Dart code combined with one or more platform-specific implementations that use Dart FFI(Android, iOS, macOS).

Developing Dart packages

The following instructions explain how to write a Flutter package.

Step 1: Create the package

To create a starter Flutter package, use the --template=package flag with flutter create:

$ flutter create --template=package hello

This creates a package project in the hello folder with the following content:

LICENSE: A (mostly) empty license text file.
test/hello_test.dart: The unit tests for the package.
hello.iml: A configuration file used by the IntelliJ IDEs.
.gitignore: A hidden file that tells Git which files or folders to ignore in a project.
.metadata: A hidden file used by IDEs to track the properties of the Flutter project.
pubspec.yaml: A yaml file containing metadata that specifies the package’s dependencies. Used by the pub tool.
README.md: A starter markdown file that briefly describes the package’s purpose.
lib/hello.dart: A starter app containing Dart code for the package.
.idea/modules.xml, .idea/workspace.xml: A hidden folder containing configuration files for the IntelliJ IDEs.
CHANGELOG.md: A (mostly) empty markdown file for tracking version changes to the package.

Step 2: Implement the package

For pure Dart packages, simply add the functionality inside the main lib/<package name>.dart file, or in several files in the lib directory.

To test the package, add unit tests in a test directory.

For additional details on how to organize the package contents, see the Dart library package documentation.

Developing plugin packages

If you want to develop a package that calls into platform-specific APIs, you need to develop a plugin package.

The API is connected to the platform-specific implementation(s) using a platform channel.

Federated plugins

Federated plugins are a way of splitting support for different platforms into separate packages. So, a federated plugin can use one package for iOS, another for Android, another for web, and yet another for a car (as an example of an IoT device). Among other benefits, this approach allows a domain expert to extend an existing plugin to work for the platform they know best.

A federated plugin requires the following packages:

app-facing package: The package that plugin users depend on to use the plugin. This package specifies the API used by the Flutter app.
platform package(s): One or more packages that contain the platform-specific implementation code. The app-facing package calls into these packages—they aren’t included into an app, unless they contain platform-specific functionality accessible to the end user.
platform interface package: The package that glues the app-facing packing to the platform package(s). This package declares an interface that any platform package must implement to support the app-facing package. Having a single package that defines this interface ensures that all platform packages implement the same functionality in a uniform way.

Endorsed federated plugin

Ideally, when adding a platform implementation to a federated plugin, you will coordinate with the package author to include your implementation. In this way, the original author endorses your implementation.

For example, say you write a foobar_windows implementation for the (imaginary) foobar plugin. In an endorsed plugin, the original foobar author adds your Windows implementation as a dependency in the pubspec for the app-facing package. Then, when a developer includes the foobar plugin in their Flutter app, the Windows implementation, as well as the other endorsed implementations, are automatically available to the app.

Non-endorsed federated plugin

If you can’t, for whatever reason, get your implementation added by the original plugin author, then your plugin is not endorsed. A developer can still use your implementation, but must manually add the plugin to the app’s pubspec file. So, the developer must include both the foobar dependency and the foobar_windows dependency in order to achieve full functionality.

For more information on federated plugins, why they are useful, and how they are implemented, see the Medium article by Harry Terkelsen, How To Write a Flutter Web Plugin, Part 2.

Specifying a plugin’s supported platforms

Plugins can specify the platforms they support by adding keys to the platforms map in the pubspec.yaml file. For example, the following pubspec file shows the flutter: map for the hello plugin, which supports only iOS and Android:

flutter:
  plugin:
    platforms:
      android:
        package: com.example.hello
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      ios:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin

environment:
  sdk: ">=2.1.0 <3.0.0"
  # Flutter versions prior to 1.12 did not support the
  # flutter.plugin.platforms map.
  flutter: ">=1.12.0"

When adding plugin implementations for more platforms, the platforms map should be updated accordingly. For example, here’s the map in the pubspec file for the hello plugin, when updated to add support for macOS and web:

flutter:
  plugin:
    platforms:
      android:
        package: com.example.hello
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      ios:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      macos:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      web:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
        fileName: hello_web.dart

environment:
  sdk: ">=2.1.0 <3.0.0"
  # Flutter versions prior to 1.12 did not support the
  # flutter.plugin.platforms map.
  flutter: ">=1.12.0"

Federated platform packages

A platform package uses the same format, but includes an implements entry indicating which app-facing package it implements. For example, a hello_windows plugin containing the Windows implementation for hello would have the following flutter: map:

flutter:
  plugin:
    implements: hello
    platforms:
      windows:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin

Endorsed implementations

An app facing package can endorse a platform package by adding a dependency on it, and including it as a default_package in the platforms: map. If the hello plugin above endorsed hello_windows, it would look as follows:

flutter:
  plugin:
    platforms:
      android:
        package: com.example.hello
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      ios:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
      windows:
        default_package: hello_windows

dependencies:
  hello_windows: ^1.0.0

Note that as shown here, an app-facing package can have some platforms implemented within the package, and others in endorsed federated implementations.

Shared iOS and macOS implementations

Many frameworks support both iOS and macOS with identical or mostly identical APIs, making it possible to implement some plugins for both iOS and macOS with the same codebase. Normally each platform’s implementation is in its own folder, but the sharedDarwinSource option allows iOS and macOS to use the same folder instead:

flutter:
  plugin:
    platforms:
      ios:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
        sharedDarwinSource: true
      macos:
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin
        sharedDarwinSource: true

environment:
  sdk: ^3.0.0
  # Flutter versions prior to 3.7 did not support the
  # sharedDarwinSource option.
  flutter: ">=3.7.0"

When sharedDawninSource is enabled, instead of an ios directory for iOS and a macos directory for macOS, both platforms use a shared darwin directory for all code and resources. When enabling this option, you need to move any existing files from ios and macos to the shared directory. You also need to update the podspec file to set the dependencies and deployment targets for both platforms, for example:

  s.ios.dependency 'Flutter'
  s.osx.dependency 'FlutterMacOS'
  s.ios.deployment_target = '11.0'
  s.osx.deployment_target = '10.14'

Step 1: Create the package

To create a plugin package, use the --template=plugin flag with flutter create.

Use the --platforms= option followed by a comma-separated list to specify the platforms that the plugin supports. Available platforms are: android, ios, web, linux, macos, and windows. If no platforms are specified, the resulting project doesn’t support any platforms.

Use the --org option to specify your organization, using reverse domain name notation. This value is used in various package and bundle identifiers in the generated plugin code.

Use the -a option to specify the language for android or the -i option to specify the language for ios. Please choose one of the following:

$ flutter create --org com.example --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios,linux,macos,windows -a kotlin hello

$ flutter create --org com.example --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios,linux,macos,windows -a java hello

$ flutter create --org com.example --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios,linux,macos,windows -i objc hello

$ flutter create --org com.example --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios,linux,macos,windows -i swift hello

This creates a plugin project in the hello folder with the following specialized content:

lib/hello.dart: The Dart API for the plugin.
android/src/main/java/com/example/hello/HelloPlugin.kt: The Android platform-specific implementation of the plugin API in Kotlin.
ios/Classes/HelloPlugin.m: The iOS-platform specific implementation of the plugin API in Objective-C.
example/: A Flutter app that depends on the plugin, and illustrates how to use it.

By default, the plugin project uses Swift for iOS code and Kotlin for Android code. If you prefer Objective-C or Java, you can specify the iOS language using -i and the Android language using -a. For example:

$ flutter create --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios -i objc hello

$ flutter create --template=plugin --platforms=android,ios -a java hello

Step 2: Implement the package

As a plugin package contains code for several platforms written in several programming languages, some specific steps are needed to ensure a smooth experience.

Step 2a: Define the package API (.dart)

The API of the plugin package is defined in Dart code. Open the main hello/ folder in your favorite Flutter editor. Locate the file lib/hello.dart.

Step 2b: Add Android platform code (.kt/.java)

We recommend you edit the Android code using Android Studio.

Then use the following steps:

Launch Android Studio.
Select Open an existing Android Studio Project in the Welcome to Android Studio dialog, or select File > Open from the menu, and select the hello/example/android/build.gradle file.
In the Gradle Sync dialog, select OK.
In the Android Gradle Plugin Update dialog, select Don’t remind me again for this project.

The Android platform code of your plugin is located in hello/java/com.example.hello/HelloPlugin.

You can run the example app from Android Studio by pressing the run (▶) button.

Step 2c: Add iOS platform code (.swift/.h+.m)

We recommend you edit the iOS code using Xcode.

Before editing the iOS platform code in Xcode, first make sure that the code has been built at least once (in other words, run the example app from your IDE/editor, or in a terminal execute cd hello/example; flutter build ios --no-codesign).

Then use the following steps:

Launch Xcode.
Select File > Open, and select the hello/example/ios/Runner.xcworkspace file.

The iOS platform code for your plugin is located in Pods/Development Pods/hello/../../example/ios/.symlinks/plugins/hello/ios/Classes in the Project Navigator. (If you are using sharedDarwinSource, the path will end with hello/darwin/Classes instead.)

You can run the example app by pressing the run (▶) button.

Step 2d: Add Linux platform code (.h+.cc)

We recommend you edit the Linux code using an IDE with C++ integration. The instructions below are for Visual Studio Code with the “C/C++” and “CMake” extensions installed, but can be adjusted for other IDEs.

Before editing the Linux platform code in an IDE, first make sure that the code has been built at least once (in other words, run the example app from your Flutter IDE/editor, or in a terminal execute cd hello/example; flutter build linux).

Then use the following steps:

Launch Visual Studio Code.
Open the hello/example/linux/ directory.
Choose Yes in the prompt asking: Would you like to configure project "linux"?. This will allow C++ autocomplete to work.

The Linux platform code for your plugin is located in flutter/ephemeral/.plugin_symlinks/hello/linux/.

You can run the example app using flutter run. Note: Creating a runnable Flutter application on Linux requires steps that are part of the flutter tool, so even if your editor provides CMake integration building and running that way won’t work correctly.

Step 2e: Add macOS platform code (.swift)

We recommend you edit the macOS code using Xcode.

Before editing the macOS platform code in Xcode, first make sure that the code has been built at least once (in other words, run the example app from your IDE/editor, or in a terminal execute cd hello/example; flutter build macos).

Then use the following steps:

Launch Xcode.
Select File > Open, and select the hello/example/macos/Runner.xcworkspace file.

The macOS platform code for your plugin is located in Pods/Development Pods/hello/../../example/macos/Flutter/ephemeral/.symlinks/plugins/hello/macos/Classes in the Project Navigator. (If you are using sharedDarwinSource, the path will end with hello/darwin/Classes instead.)

You can run the example app by pressing the run (▶) button.

Step 2f: Add Windows platform code (.h+.cpp)

We recommend you edit the Windows code using Visual Studio.

Before editing the Windows platform code in Visual Studio, first make sure that the code has been built at least once (in other words, run the example app from your IDE/editor, or in a terminal execute cd hello/example; flutter build windows).

Then use the following steps:

Launch Visual Studio.
Select Open a project or solution, and select the hello/example/build/windows/hello_example.sln file.

The Windows platform code for your plugin is located in hello_plugin/Source Files and hello_plugin/Header Files in the Solution Explorer.

You can run the example app by right-clicking hello_example in the Solution Explorer and selecting Set as Startup Project, then pressing the run (▶) button. Important: After making changes to plugin code, you must select Build > Build Solution before running again, otherwise an outdated copy of the built plugin will be run instead of the latest version containing your changes.

Step 2g: Connect the API and the platform code

Finally, you need to connect the API written in Dart code with the platform-specific implementations. This is done using a platform channel, or through the interfaces defined in a platform interface package.

Add support for platforms in an existing plugin project

To add support for specific platforms to an existing plugin project, run flutter create with the --template=plugin flag again in the project directory. For example, to add web support in an existing plugin, run:

$ flutter create --template=plugin --platforms=web .

If this command displays a message about updating the pubspec.yaml file, follow the provided instructions.

Dart platform implementations

In many cases, non-web platform implementations only use the platform-specific implementation language, as shown above. However, platform implementations can also use platform-specific Dart as well.

Dart-only platform implementations

In some cases, some platforms can be implemented entirely in Dart (for example, using FFI). For a Dart-only platform implementation on a platform other than web, replace the pluginClass in pubspec.yaml with a dartPluginClass. Here is the hello_windows example above modified for a Dart-only implementation:

flutter:
  plugin:
    implements: hello
    platforms:
      windows:
        dartPluginClass: HelloPluginWindows

In this version you would have no C++ Windows code, and would instead subclass the hello plugin’s Dart platform interface class with a HelloPluginWindows class that includes a static registerWith() method. This method is called during startup, and can be used to register the Dart implementation:

class HelloPluginWindows extends HelloPluginPlatform {
  /// Registers this class as the default instance of [HelloPluginPlatform].
  static void registerWith() {
    HelloPluginPlatform.instance = HelloPluginWindows();
  }

Hybrid platform implementations

Platform implementations can also use both Dart and a platform-specific language. For example, a plugin could use a different platform channel for each platform so that the channels can be customized per platform.

A hybrid implementation uses both of the registration systems described above. Here is the hello_windows example above modified for a hybrid implementation:

flutter:
  plugin:
    implements: hello
    platforms:
      windows:
        dartPluginClass: HelloPluginWindows
        pluginClass: HelloPlugin

The Dart HelloPluginWindows class would use the registerWith() shown above for Dart-only implementations, while the C++ HelloPlugin class would be the same as in a C++-only implementation.

Testing your plugin

We encourage you test your plugin with automated tests to ensure that functionality doesn’t regress as you make changes to your code.

To learn more about testing your plugins, check out Testing plugins. If you are writing tests for your Flutter app and plugins are causing crashes, check out Flutter in plugin tests.

Developing FFI plugin packages

If you want to develop a package that calls into native APIs using Dart’s FFI, you need to develop an FFI plugin package.

Both FFI plugin packages and (non-FFI) plugin packages support bundling native code, but FFI plugin packages do not support method channels and do include method channel registration code. If you want to implement a plugin that uses both method channels and FFI, use a (non-FFI) plugin. You can chose per platform to use an FFI or (non-FFI) plugin.

FFI plugin packages were introduced in Flutter 3.0, if you’re targeting older Flutter versions, you can use a (non-FFI) plugin.

Step 1: Create the package

To create a starter FFI plugin package, use the --template=plugin_ffi flag with flutter create:

$ flutter create --template=plugin_ffi hello

This creates an FFI plugin project in the hello folder with the following specialized content:

lib: The Dart code that defines the API of the plugin, and which calls into the native code using dart:ffi.

src: The native source code, and a CMakeLists.txt file for building that source code into a dynamic library.

platform folders (android, ios, windows, etc.): The build files for building and bundling the native code library with the platform application.

Step 2: Building and bundling native code

The pubspec.yaml specifies FFI plugins as follows:

  plugin:
    platforms:
      some_platform:
        ffiPlugin: true

This configuration invokes the native build for the various target platforms and bundles the binaries in Flutter applications using these FFI plugins.

This can be combined with dartPluginClass, such as when FFI is used for the implementation of one platform in a federated plugin:

  plugin:
    implements: some_other_plugin
    platforms:
      some_platform:
        dartPluginClass: SomeClass
        ffiPlugin: true

A plugin can have both FFI and method channels:

  plugin:
    platforms:
      some_platform:
        pluginClass: SomeName
        ffiPlugin: true

The native build systems that are invoked by FFI (and method channels) plugins are:

For Android: Gradle, which invokes the Android NDK for native builds.
- See the documentation in android/build.gradle.
For iOS and macOS: Xcode, via CocoaPods.
- See the documentation in ios/hello.podspec.
- See the documentation in macos/hello.podspec.
For Linux and Windows: CMake.
- See the documentation in linux/CMakeLists.txt.
- See the documentation in windows/CMakeLists.txt.

Step 3: Binding to native code

To use the native code, bindings in Dart are needed.

To avoid writing these by hand, they are generated from the header file (src/hello.h) by package:ffigen. Regenerate the bindings by running the following:

$  flutter pub run ffigen --config ffigen.yaml

Step 4: Invoking native code

Very short-running native functions can be directly invoked from any isolate. For an example, see sum in lib/hello.dart.

Longer-running functions should be invoked on a helper isolate to avoid dropping frames in Flutter applications. For an example, see sumAsync in lib/hello.dart.

Adding documentation

It is recommended practice to add the following documentation to all packages:

A README.md file that introduces the package
A CHANGELOG.md file that documents changes in each version
A LICENSE file containing the terms under which the package is licensed
API documentation for all public APIs (see below for details)

API documentation

When you publish a package, API documentation is automatically generated and published to pub.dev/documentation. For example, see the docs for device_info.

If you wish to generate API documentation locally on your development machine, use the following commands:

Change directory to the location of your package:
```
cd ~/dev/mypackage
```
Tell the documentation tool where the Flutter SDK is located (change the following commands to reflect where you placed it):
```
   export FLUTTER_ROOT=~/dev/flutter  # on macOS or Linux

   set FLUTTER_ROOT=~/dev/flutter     # on Windows
```

Run the dart doc tool (included as part of the Flutter SDK), as follows:

   $FLUTTER_ROOT/bin/cache/dart-sdk/bin/dart doc   # on macOS or Linux

   %FLUTTER_ROOT%\bin\cache\dart-sdk\bin\dart doc  # on Windows

For tips on how to write API documentation, see Effective Dart Documentation.

Adding licenses to the LICENSE file

Individual licenses inside each LICENSE file should be separated by 80 hyphens on their own on a line.

If a LICENSE file contains more than one component license, then each component license must start with the names of the packages to which the component license applies, with each package name on its own line, and the list of package names separated from the actual license text by a blank line. (The packages need not match the names of the pub package. For example, a package might itself contain code from multiple third-party sources, and might need to include a license for each one.)

The following example shows a well-organized license file:

package_1

<some license text>

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package_2

<some license text>

Here is another example of a well-organized license file:

package_1

<some license text>

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package_1
package_2

<some license text>

Here is an example of a poorly-organized license file:

<some license text>

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<some license text>

Another example of a poorly-organized license file:

package_1

<some license text>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<some license text>

Publishing your package

Once you have implemented a package, you can publish it on pub.dev, so that other developers can easily use it.

Prior to publishing, make sure to review the pubspec.yaml, README.md, and CHANGELOG.md files to make sure their content is complete and correct. Also, to improve the quality and usability of your package (and to make it more likely to achieve the status of a Flutter Favorite), consider including the following items:

Diverse code usage examples
Screenshots, animated gifs, or videos
A link to the corresponding code repository

Next, run the publish command in dry-run mode to see if everything passes analysis:

$ flutter pub publish --dry-run

The next step is publishing to pub.dev, but be sure that you are ready because publishing is forever:

$ flutter pub publish

For more details on publishing, see the publishing docs on dart.dev.

Handling package interdependencies

If you are developing a package hello that depends on the Dart API exposed by another package, you need to add that package to the dependencies section of your pubspec.yaml file. The code below makes the Dart API of the url_launcher plugin available to hello:

dependencies:
  url_launcher: ^5.0.0

You can now import 'package:url_launcher/url_launcher.dart' and launch(someUrl) in the Dart code of hello.

This is no different from how you include packages in Flutter apps or any other Dart project.

But if hello happens to be a plugin package whose platform-specific code needs access to the platform-specific APIs exposed by url_launcher, you also need to add suitable dependency declarations to your platform-specific build files, as shown below.

Android

The following example sets a dependency for url_launcher in hello/android/build.gradle:

android {
    // lines skipped
    dependencies {
        compileOnly rootProject.findProject(":url_launcher")
    }
}

You can now import io.flutter.plugins.urllauncher.UrlLauncherPlugin and access the UrlLauncherPlugin class in the source code at hello/android/src.

For more information on build.gradle files, see the Gradle Documentation on build scripts.

iOS

The following example sets a dependency for url_launcher in hello/ios/hello.podspec:

Pod::Spec.new do |s|
  # lines skipped
  s.dependency 'url_launcher'

You can now #import "UrlLauncherPlugin.h" and access the UrlLauncherPlugin class in the source code at hello/ios/Classes.

For additional details on .podspec files, see the CocoaPods Documentation on them.

Web

All web dependencies are handled by the pubspec.yaml file like any other Dart package.